The Famous Tribes of Omo Valley in Southwestern Ethiopia
Arbore
Although relatively large, Arbore is far more rustic and unaffected than many similarly sized towns in South Omo. In common with their linguistically and culturally afflicted Tsemai neighbor, the Arbore migrated to their present homeland from Konso and the pastoralist of the surrounding lowland. The Arbore traditionally played an important role as a middleman in trade between the Omo River and the Konso highland. The town of the Arbore lies in an area covering several tribal boundaries. And because the Arbore people routinely intermarry with other ethnic groups, the tribe is also inhabited by a substantial number of Hamer and even Borena women, adding a cosmopolitan feel to the worthwhile Saturday market.
Mursi and Surma
The Mursi live between their dry & wet season range on the Tama plains, north of Mago park in the Omo River region of southwestern Ethiopia. They care for livestock and plant some crops. The men practice light scarification on their shoulder after killing an enemy and shave geometric patterns on their head. During dance and ceremonies they adorn literally every part of their body with white chalk paint. Young unmarried men practice group stick fighting. The winner is carried on top of poles to girls waiting beside the arena, who decide among themselves which of them will ask his hand in marriage.
Karo
The Karo, which number only about 3,000 people, mainly live on the practice of flood retreat cultivation on the bank of the Omo River in southwestern Ethiopia. The Karo excel in face and body painting, practiced in preparation for their dances and ceremonies. They decorate their bodies, often imitating the spotted plumage of a guinea fowl. Feather plumes are inserted in there clay hair buns to complete the look.
The clay hair buns can take up to three days to construct and is usually re-made every three to six months. Their painted facemasks are spectacular. Karo women scarify their chest to beautify themselves. Scars are cut with a knife and ash is rubbed to produce a raised welt. Being the smallest tribe of the area, this group obviously struggles with direct threats from nearby tribes that have more gun power, greater number, and likely coalitions with one another.
Hamer
The Hamers are pastoralists and number 30,000 people. They are known for their practices of body adornment and wearing a multitude of colorful beads. Women adorn their necks with heavy polished iron jewelry. Hamer society consists of a complex system of age groups. Moving from one age group to another involves complicated rituals. The most significant ceremony for young men is the "jumping of the bull" - the final test before passing in to the adulthood. Several days before the ceremony, the initiate passes out invitations in the form of dried knotted grass. The ceremony lasts three days. Late in the afternoon on the final day, ten to thirty bulls back and then run across the line of animals. At the end of the line, he turns back to repeat the performance in the opposite direction. He must make this unstable journey without falling. The Hamer men have a reputation of being less than adoring husbands. The women submit to the ritual flogging proudly and love to show the deep scars that are regarded as proof of devotion to their husbands.
Bumi
Also known as Nyangatom or the Bume, the Bumi live south of Omo National Park and occasionally migrate in to the lower regions of the park when water or grazing is scarce. Numbering around 6,000-7,000 in population, the Bumi are agro-pastoralists, relying on cattle herding and floor-retreat agriculture (consisting mainly of sorghum harvesting on the Omo and Kibish River). The Bumi tend to indulge in honey and frequently smoke out beehives in the park to get the honey inside the nest. The Bumi are known to be great warriors and quite frequently, active warmongers. They are often at war with the neighboring tribes including The Hamer, The Karo and The Surma tribes. A small group of Bumi living along the Omo River are specialized crocodile hunters who use harpoons from a dugout canoe. The elders of both sexes wear a lower lip plug. The men's is made from ivory and women's is made from copper filigree.
Bodi
The Bodi are pastoralists living close the Omo River in southwestern Ethiopia. The Bodi are of Nile-Sahara stock and pastoral background. Although they do cultivate sorghum along the banks of the Omo River, their culture is very much cattle- centered. Similar to the Mursi, livestock plays an important role in marriage, divination, and name giving rituals. The Bodi classification of cattle is complex, with over eight words to denote different color and patterns. Bodi dress is simple. The women wear goatskins tied at the waist and shoulder, while men fasten a strip of cotton or bark-cloth around their waist.
Ari
Ari women are famous for their pottery which they sell to support their families. The Ari people inhabit the northern border of Mago National Park in southwestern Ethiopia. Ari villages have neat compounds in fertile and scenic land with coffee plantations. They have large livestock herds and produce large quantities of honey. The women wear skirts from the banana-like tree, called Enset.
Dorze
Aside from dramatic view back to Rift Valley lakes near Arba Minch, ChenCha is of interest to the traveler as the home of the Dorze people. These people are renowned cotton weavers whose tall beehive-shaped dwelling are among the most distinctive traditional structures to be seen anywhere in Africa. The Dorze speak an Omotic tongue, similar to the languages of the lower Omo Valley. It is, above all, the unique Dorze houses that make ChenCha worth a diversion. These remarkable extended domes measure up to 6m tall (roughly the height of a two-story building), and are constructed entirely from organic material.
Konso
The Konso inhabit an isolated region of basalt hills (essentially an extension of the southern highlands). Their land lies at an altitude range of roughly 1,500m to 2000m. They are flanked to the east by the semi-desert Borena Lowlands and to the west by the equally harsh lower Omo Valley. Mixed agriculturists, the Konso make the most of the hard, rocky slopes that characterize their relatively dry and infertile homeland through a combination of extensive rock terracing, the use of animal dung as fertilizer, crop rotation, and hard work. Traditionally, waga will be erected above the grave of any important Konso man or worriers, surrounded by smaller statues of his wife and defeated foes.
Galeb
The Dasanech, alternatively known as the Galeb or Reshiat, range across a large territory following the western banks of the Omo River to Lake Turkana. Local oral tradition, reinforced by that of the Turkana, recounts that the Dasanech migrated to their current homeland from a region called Nyupe, to the west of Turkana, after being forced out by the expansionist wars of the Turkana in the late 18th century. Like the Turkana, Samburu and Gabbar of northern Kenya, the Dasanesh/Galeb were originally pure pastoralists, living an almost totally nomadic lifestyle. The abundant water frontage and fertile soil of their present territory has subsequently pushed them toward a more diverse subsistence economy, based around fishing and agriculture as well as herding livestock.